A Guide to Non-Speaking Communication: AAC, Sign Language, and Alternative Expression
Bridgette Hamstead
Communication is fundamental to human connection, but not all people communicate using spoken language. Many autistic people, as well as those with apraxia, cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injuries, and other conditions, rely on non-speaking communication methods. The ability to communicate should never be measured by one’s ability to produce speech, yet our society often assumes verbal language is the only valid form of expression.
For non-speaking and minimally speaking individuals, communication can take many forms, including Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices, sign language, text-based communication, gestures, and other creative expression methods. Understanding these options and how to support non-speaking individuals is critical for building an inclusive world where all forms of communication are respected.
Why Some People Do Not Use Speech to Communicate
Speech is a motor function that requires precise coordination of muscles, breathing, and neurological processing. Many neurodivergent individuals experience challenges with speech due to a variety of reasons, including:
Apraxia of speech, which affects the brain’s ability to coordinate the movements required for speaking.
Sensory-motor differences, where forming words may be difficult due to fine motor control issues.
Selective mutism, an anxiety-related condition that prevents a person from speaking in certain settings.
Autistic shutdowns, where speech becomes inaccessible due to overwhelm, stress, or exhaustion.
Cognitive processing differences, where typing or signing may feel more natural than verbal speech.
Rather than assuming a person who does not speak is unable to communicate, it is essential to understand and respect their preferred communication methods.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)
AAC refers to any communication method that supplements or replaces speech. It can be divided into two main categories:
Unaided AAC, which does not require additional tools (e.g., sign language, gestures, facial expressions).
Aided AAC, which involves tools such as communication boards, speech-generating devices, and text-based applications.
Low-Tech and No-Tech AAC
Low-tech AAC methods require little to no technology and can be especially useful for individuals who experience sensory overload or prefer simpler tools. Examples include:
Picture exchange communication systems (PECS): A system where users point to or exchange pictures to convey meaning.
Letter boards: Non-speaking individuals can spell out words by pointing to letters on a laminated board or printed sheet.
Paper-based communication books: These can contain words, phrases, and images to help facilitate interaction.
Low-tech AAC is particularly valuable in situations where electronic devices are not accessible, such as during power outages or in sensory-sensitive environments.
High-Tech AAC
High-tech AAC refers to electronic communication systems, including:
Speech-generating devices (SGDs): Devices that convert text or symbols into spoken language.
AAC apps on tablets and smartphones: Programs such as Proloquo2Go, TouchChat, and CoughDrop allow users to select symbols or type words to generate speech.
Eye-tracking technology: For individuals with limited physical movement, devices like Tobii Dynavox enable communication through eye gaze detection.
These tools give non-speaking individuals greater independence and allow for dynamic, expressive communication. However, access to high-tech AAC is often limited due to financial and systemic barriers. Advocacy for insurance coverage, school support, and accessibility in public spaces is crucial to ensuring that all people who need AAC can obtain it.
Sign Language as a Communication Method
Sign language is a fully developed linguistic system with its own grammar, syntax, and cultural context. While often associated with the Deaf community, many non-speaking autistic people and those with speech difficulties find sign language to be an effective communication method.
Different sign languages exist worldwide, including:
American Sign Language (ASL): Primarily used in the United States and parts of Canada.
British Sign Language (BSL): Used in the United Kingdom.
Auslan: The sign language of Australia.
Tactile signing: Used by individuals who are both deaf and blind, involving touch-based communication.
Sign language can be particularly beneficial for non-speaking individuals who have strong motor skills and prefer kinesthetic learning. However, access to sign language education remains limited, as many speech therapists and educators prioritize verbal communication over signing. Expanding sign language education for neurodivergent individuals and their families can empower non-speaking people to communicate on their own terms.
Other Alternative Communication Methods
In addition to AAC and sign language, many non-speaking individuals use a combination of communication strategies, including:
Gestures and Body Language
Many non-speaking people naturally communicate through gestures, facial expressions, and body movement. Understanding individual preferences and nonverbal cues is crucial in supporting meaningful interactions.
Writing and Typing
For some individuals, typing or handwriting is a preferred method of expression. This includes:
Text-based communication: Many non-speaking individuals use text messaging, email, or social media to interact with others.
Spelling boards: Some non-speaking individuals point to letters to construct words and sentences.
Facilitated communication and supported typing: While controversial in some circles due to concerns about autonomy, some individuals report that having physical support for typing helps them communicate.
Art and Music as Communication
Some non-speaking people express themselves best through artistic or musical expression. Drawing, painting, playing instruments, and other forms of creative output can be vital for self-expression, emotional regulation, and storytelling.
Supporting and Advocating for Non-Speaking Individuals
To create a truly inclusive society, it is essential to:
Respect communication preferences: Never assume that speech is the only or best way for someone to express themselves.
Provide access to communication tools: Schools, workplaces, and healthcare settings must ensure that AAC devices and nonverbal-friendly options are available.
Challenge ableist assumptions: Many non-speaking people are highly intelligent and capable, even if they do not use verbal speech. Their communication should be treated with the same legitimacy as spoken language.
Encourage widespread AAC education: Families, educators, and professionals should receive training in AAC methods to better support non-speaking individuals.
Recognize communication rights: Everyone has the right to communicate in the way that works best for them, whether through speech, typing, signing, or other methods.
Non-speaking individuals have always existed, yet our society often fails to recognize and validate their communication. With the right tools, education, and advocacy, we can ensure that all communication methods are valued and respected. Whether through AAC, sign language, or alternative forms of expression, every individual deserves the opportunity to share their thoughts, needs, and experiences in a way that feels natural to them.
By embracing diverse ways of communicating, we move closer to a world where all voices—spoken or unspoken—are heard.