Disaster Preparedness for Neurodivergent Individuals: What Emergency Planning Leaves Out

Bridgette Hamstead

Disaster preparedness is something that everyone should consider, but for neurodivergent individuals—autistic people, those with ADHD, dyslexic and dyspraxic individuals, and others with cognitive differences—traditional emergency plans often fail to take specific needs into account. From sensory overload in emergency shelters to executive dysfunction making it difficult to prepare in advance, the ways in which neurodivergent people experience and respond to disasters are often overlooked in mainstream emergency planning efforts.

Disasters—whether they be hurricanes, wildfires, earthquakes, or man-made crises—are inherently chaotic. Yet, disaster response efforts and emergency preparedness guides tend to assume a level of cognitive and sensory adaptability that does not apply to many neurodivergent individuals. Traditional emergency plans may include steps that are difficult to follow for those with executive dysfunction, lack necessary sensory-friendly accommodations, or fail to account for the communication differences and support needs of neurodivergent people.

Neurodivergent individuals must navigate these challenges while also dealing with the same disruptions and dangers that affect everyone else during a crisis. Without proper planning that considers neurodivergent needs, emergency situations can become even more overwhelming, disorienting, and inaccessible. This article explores what emergency planning leaves out and offers practical guidance for neurodivergent individuals looking to create effective, accessible disaster preparedness plans.

The Challenges Neurodivergent People Face in Disasters

Disaster situations are inherently high-stress, and for neurodivergent individuals, certain aspects of emergency response can create additional barriers to safety and well-being. These challenges include:

Sensory Overload and Environmental Stressors

Many emergency shelters and evacuation centers are loud, crowded, and filled with bright fluorescent lights, alarms, and people talking over one another. These conditions can be overwhelming or even unbearable for autistic individuals and others with sensory sensitivities. Strong smells, unpredictable noises, and unexpected physical contact may make it difficult to function in these environments.

Executive Dysfunction and Planning Difficulties

For those with ADHD, autism, or other forms of executive dysfunction, disaster preparedness can be difficult because it requires long-term planning, organization, and follow-through. Many traditional emergency preparedness guides assume the ability to systematically prepare an emergency kit, create a plan, and maintain readiness—tasks that can be overwhelming for neurodivergent individuals who struggle with prioritization, working memory, and organization.

Difficulty with Unstructured Social Interactions

Disaster scenarios often require interactions with first responders, volunteers, and fellow evacuees, many of whom may not be familiar with neurodivergent communication styles. Neurodivergent individuals who struggle with verbal communication, social cues, or unexpected interactions may find it difficult to ask for help or advocate for their needs in high-stress situations.

Changes in Routine and Predictability

Many neurodivergent people rely on routine and predictability to function effectively. Disasters disrupt daily life, displacing individuals from their homes, changing schedules, and creating uncertainty. For autistic individuals and others who depend on structure, this lack of control can be particularly distressing and lead to shutdowns or meltdowns, making it harder to make quick decisions and respond effectively to changing circumstances.

Building a Neurodivergent-Friendly Disaster Plan

Creating a disaster preparedness plan tailored to neurodivergent needs is essential for ensuring safety and well-being during an emergency. This includes modifying traditional preparedness strategies to be more accessible, incorporating sensory-friendly accommodations, and establishing communication and support networks.

Creating a Personalized Emergency Kit

A well-prepared emergency kit is a foundational aspect of disaster readiness, but neurodivergent individuals may need additional items beyond the standard recommendations. Consider including:

• Sensory-friendly items: Noise-canceling headphones, sunglasses, weighted blankets, or fidget toys can help manage sensory overload in chaotic environments.

• Communication aids: A laminated card or written script with essential information, including medical needs, emergency contacts, and preferred communication methods, can be useful if verbal communication is difficult during high-stress moments.

• Medication and essential supports: If you take medication for ADHD, anxiety, or other medical needs, ensure you have at least a week’s supply packed in a waterproof container.

• Preferred foods and drinks: Sensory sensitivities can make it difficult to eat unfamiliar or strong-smelling foods provided at shelters. Packing a few safe, non-perishable foods can make a big difference.

• Visual schedules and checklists: A simple, step-by-step guide to what to do in an emergency can help with processing information when under stress.

• Familiar comfort items: A favorite stuffed animal, blanket, or familiar scent can help provide emotional regulation and grounding in unfamiliar environments.

Developing an Easy-to-Follow Evacuation Plan

Emergency plans should be straightforward and accessible, avoiding complex steps that may be difficult to remember under stress. Some strategies include:

• Use visual aids: A color-coded map of evacuation routes, labeled photographs of essential items, or written scripts for what to do in different scenarios can make planning more accessible.

• Practice evacuation drills: Running through your plan when not in crisis can make the process feel less overwhelming when an actual emergency occurs.

• Create a buddy system: Identify a trusted friend, neighbor, or family member who can assist in an evacuation if needed.

• Use reminders and prompts: Set up digital reminders or physical checklists to ensure important steps aren’t forgotten in the moment.

Advocating for Sensory-Friendly Emergency Spaces

Public emergency response systems must do better at accommodating neurodivergent individuals. When possible, advocating for these changes ahead of time can make a difference. Some key areas for improvement include:

• Designating quiet areas in shelters for individuals who need a low-stimulation environment.

• Training emergency personnel on neurodivergent needs, including nonverbal communication, sensory sensitivities, and alternative methods of expressing distress.

• Providing clear and direct instructions rather than relying on vague or overly complex directions.

• Ensuring accessible medical care that takes into account sensory and communication differences.

Establishing a Neurodivergent Support Network

Community is essential during disasters, and neurodivergent individuals benefit from networks that understand and accommodate their needs. Consider:

• Connecting with neurodivergent-friendly local organizations that focus on disability-inclusive disaster preparedness.

• Creating a check-in system with friends or family members who understand your needs and can assist in an emergency.

• Using online communities to share preparedness strategies and experiences with others who have similar needs.

Prioritizing Neurodivergent Inclusion in Disaster Preparedness

Emergency preparedness efforts must do more to include neurodivergent individuals in planning and response strategies. The reality is that traditional emergency plans often assume a level of executive function, sensory tolerance, and social adaptability that does not align with the experiences of many neurodivergent people. By taking proactive steps to build personalized emergency plans, advocating for more inclusive disaster response efforts, and fostering neurodivergent-friendly support networks, we can create a system that prioritizes accessibility, safety, and autonomy for all.

Disasters do not affect everyone equally, and failing to consider the needs of neurodivergent individuals in emergency planning leads to increased risk and distress. The goal should not be for neurodivergent people to simply “cope” with inadequate systems but for those systems to change to better serve all members of the community. Preparedness should mean safety, accessibility, and dignity—not just survival.